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The Color of Death: Legacy of Agent Orange Still Plagues Vietnam After Decades of Peace_我的网站

A |     관련 조례안 입법예고…이양 대상 사무 검토 착수                   전남광주통합특별시청 전경[촬영 조남수] (전남광주=연합뉴스) 박철홍 기자 = 전남광주통합특별시가 광역 사무 일부를 27개 시·군·구로 넘기는 제도 마련에 나섰다. 26일 전남광주통합특별시에 따르면 시는 '시·군·구 사무이양에 관한 조례안'을 입법예고했다. 그동안 광역단체인 통합시가 처리했던 사무와 권한 및 책임을 시·군·구로 이전하는 방안을 규정하는 목적으로 마련됐다. 조례안은 주민생활과 밀접한 사무는 주민과 가까운 시·군·구에서 처리하는 것을 원칙으로 정했다. 둘 이상의 시·군·구에 영향을 미치거나 통합특별시 전체에 통일적인 기준과 조정이 필요한 사무는 광역행정사무로 남겨 통합시가 직접 처리하도록 했다. 조례안에 도시계획이나 인허가 등 개별 이양 대상 사무를 열거하지 않았다. 실제 이양 대상은 앞으로 설치할 전남광주자치분권심의위원회가 발굴·선정하고 광역행정사무와 시·군·구 사무의 구분 등을 심의한다. 특히 시·군·구마다 사무를 넘기는 시점과 범위가 달라질 수 있다. 조례안은 사무 성격과 각 시·군·구의 자치권, 행정수행 역량, 행정여건과 준비도를 고려해 이양 시기와 범위를 단계적으로 정할 수 있도록 했다. 통합 전 광주 자치구와 전남 시·군 사이에 법적으로 처리할 수 있는 사무 범위가 다른 데다 같은 시·군 사이에서도 규모와 행정역량에 차이가 있기 때문이다. 지역별로 차등 이양할 경우 그 기준과 이양조건, 단계별 일정은 매년 마련하는 사무이양 시행계획에 명시해야 한다. 사무에 부담까지 기초단체가 떠안는 것을 막기 위한 재정·인력 지원 원칙도 담겼다. 시는 이양 사무에 필요한 재정·인력·조직과 행정지원을 함께 제공해야 하며, 지원 규모와 방식은 업무량과 소요비용, 해당 시·군·구의 재정여건과 수행역량 등을 고려해 정한다.                    전남광주통합특별시구청장협의회[전남광주통합특별시구청장협의회 제공] 시행계획에는 이양 대상 사무와 해당 시·군·구, 이양 범위·시기뿐 아니라 함께 넘길 권한과 책임, 재정·인력·조직 지원방안까지 담도록 했다. 이번 조례는 전남광주 통합 특별법에 규정된 시·군·구 권한 확대를 구체화하기 위한 후속 조치 성격이다. 특별법은 초광역 도시계획·광역교통 등 광역사무를 제외한 통합시 사무를 시·군·구에 이양하고, 매년 시행계획에 이양 대상과 예산·인력 지원방안을 함께 담도록 했다. 여기에 통합 전부터 광주 5개 자치구도 도시계획·인허가·생활 사회간접자본(SOC) 등 주민 밀착형 사무와 재정·조직 권한 확대를 요구해왔다. 민형배 시장은 최근 각 실·과에 현재 통합시가 처리하는 사무 가운데 자치구나 시·군에서 맡는 것이 적절한 업무를 발굴하도록 지시했다. 시는 현재 각 실·과를 대상으로 기존 통합시 사무 가운데 시·군·구에서 처리하는 것이 적절한 업무를 내부적으로 발굴하고 있으며, 구체적인 대상과 건수는 아직 확정하지 않았다. 이에 따라 향후 첫 시행계획에서 어떤 광역 사무를 기초단체로 넘길지와 광주 자치구·전남 시·군 사이에 이양 범위가 어떻게 달라질지, 이에 따른 인력과 재원의 배분이 주요 쟁점이 될 전망이다. 시 관계자는 "현재 각 실·과에 자치구나 시·군에서 처리하는 것이 적절한 사무가 있는지 검토하도록 한 단계"라며 "자치구와 시·군의 기존 권한이 서로 다르고 시·군별 상황에도 차이가 있어 이런 여건을 함께 검토하고 있다"고 말했다 [email protected]。    On August 10, 1961, American forces for the first time spayed Agent Orange in Vietnam as part of its herbicidal warfare program, Operation Ranch Hand.,Here’s a closer look into this highly toxic defoliant chemical, the use of which by the US military during the 1955-1975 Vietnam War resulted in up to one million people being disabled, according to the Red Cross of Vietnam’s estimates.,What is Agent Orange?,The defoliant derived its name from the color of the orange-striped US gallon barrels in which the chemical was shipped and stored.,It was created in 1940 and used in the United States as an agricultural defoliant, as it had the ability to kill some plants while leaving others unaffected.,Using the Defense Production Act of 1950, the US government prodded several American companies to make Agent Orange for military use. A 50:50 mixture of the herbicides 2,4,5-T and 2,4-D, the defoliant contains an extremely toxic dioxin compound.,Effects of Agent Orange,A 50:50 mixture of the 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, Agent Orange contains the Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, or TCDD, the most toxic of the dioxins, classified as a human carcinogen by the US Environmental Protection Agency.,Even short-term exposure to TCDD can cause cancer, liver problems and a severe acne-like skin disease, known as chloracne. The dioxin is also linked to type 2 diabetes, immune system dysfunction, nerve disorders, muscular dysfunction, hormone disruption and heart disease.,Additionally, the chemical can cause miscarriages, spina bifida and other problems with fetal brain and nervous system development.,Use of Agent Orange in Vietnam,During the 1955-1975 Vietnam war, the first US defoliation missions were launched near the Vietnamese village of Dak To in 1961.,The goal was to remove cover and concealment used by the Viet Cong and North Vietnamese Army, so as to reveal hidden bases, communications centers and potential targets, and to improve visibility in tracking troop movements.,More than 13 million gallons (about 59 million liters) of Agent Orange was used by the US military in Vietnam, or almost two-thirds of the total amount of herbicides used during the entire Vietnam War.,The chemical was available in slightly different mixtures, sometimes referred to as Agent Orange I, Agent Orange II, Agent Orange III and “Super Orange”.,End of Agent Orange?,In 1969, the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) urged the Pentagon to end its use of herbicides containing dioxin, specifically Agent Orange, something that the Department of Defense (DoD) eventually did.,Even so, the defoliation campaign continued, with the US military switching to Agent White, a chemical herbicide that did not contain the dioxin contaminant.,In May 1970, the US Air Force (USAF) flew its last defoliation mission, and almost a year later, the DoD announced that all crop destruction missions would also cease.,The remaining 2.22 million gallons of Agent Orange were moved by the USAF to Johnston Island Atoll in the South Pacific, where they were incinerated.,Legacy,The Vietnamese government said that up to four million people in the country were exposed to Agent Orange, and as many as three million people had suffered illness because of the defoliant.,The Vietnam Red Cross in turn pointed out that the defoliant had affected at least 150,000 children, and that babies in Vietnam are still being born with birth defects due to Agent Orange. In this regard, numerous studies revealed that dioxin levels are still in place in the blood samples of the citizens of both North and South Vietnam.,The chemical also caused immense environmental damage in Vietnam, with more than 3,100,000 hectares (31,000 km2) of forest being defoliated ( for comparison's sake, Taiwan measures 36,197 km2).,Opinion & AnalysisAnniversary of Agent Orange Disaster: Only United Can We Relieve the Suffering of Many Generations10:21 GMT,Agent Orange-related issues also emerged in the US after an increasing number of returning Vietnam veterans and their families began to report a range of health problems, including skin irritations, miscarriages, psychological symptoms, type 2 diabetes, birth defects in children and cancers such as Hodgkin’s disease, prostate cancer and leukemia.,1979 saw a class action lawsuit filed on behalf of 2.4 million US veterans, who were exposed to Agent Orange during their service in Vietnam. In 1984, seven major US chemical companies that manufactured the defoliant agreed to pay $180 million in damages to the veterans or their next of kin.,Vietnam War,The 1955-1975 Vietnam War, which involved Laos and Cambodia, pitted communist North Vietnam and the Viet Cong revolutionary organization against South Vietnam, supported by Washington.,Preconditions for the war pertained to the desire of North Vietnam, which defeated the French colonial administration in 1954, to unify the entire country under a single communist authority, like in the Soviet Union or China. The South Vietnamese government, for its part, sought to preserve a Vietnam more closely aligned with the West.,The US was concerned over the spread of communism to South Vietnam and then to the rest of Asia, which prompted Washington to end money, supplies and military advisers to help the South Vietnamese government.,On August 2, 1964, North Vietnamese boats attacked a US Navy destroyer, the USS Maddox, patrolling in the Gulf of Tonkin near Vietnam, in what was used by the White House as a pretext to escalate the war and send American combat units to the South East Asian country. However, the US costs and casualties in the war prompted Washington to withdraw American troops by 1973, and a couple of years later, South Vietnam fell to a full-scale invasion by the North.,An array of war crimes was committed by the US military during the war, including the My Lai massacre, in which up to 504 unarmed South Vietnamese civilians, including women, children, and infants, were killed by US Army soldiers on March 16, 1968.,Another war crime pertains to Operation Speedy Express, conducted by the US Army in Vietnam’s Mekong Delta between December 1968 and May 1969 as part of the American military’s effort to pacify the Viet Cong. The operation led to 5,000 to 7,000 casualties who were reported to have been civilians.。

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